[Django]-You need to install postgresql-server-dev-X.Y for building a server-side extension or libpq-dev for building a client-side application

Use these following commands, this will solve the error:

sudo apt-get install postgresql

then fire:

sudo apt-get install python-psycopg2

and last:

sudo apt-get install libpq-dev

I just run this command as a root from terminal and problem is solved,

sudo apt-get install -y postgis postgresql-9.3-postgis-2.1
pip install psycopg2

or

sudo apt-get install libpq-dev python-dev
pip install psycopg2

Just install libpq-dev

$ sudo apt-get install libpq-dev

For me this simple command solved the problem:

sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-contrib libpq-dev python-dev

Then I can do:

 pip install psycopg2

For Python 3, I did:

sudo apt install python3-dev postgresql postgresql-contrib python3-psycopg2 libpq-dev

and then I was able to do:

pip3 install psycopg2

They changed the packaging for psycopg2. Installing the binary version fixed this issue for me. The above answers still hold up if you want to compile the binary yourself.

See http://initd.org/psycopg/docs/news.html#what-s-new-in-psycopg-2-8.

Binary packages no longer installed by default. The ‘psycopg2-binary’ package must be used explicitly.

And http://initd.org/psycopg/docs/install.html#binary-install-from-pypi

So if you don’t need to compile your own binary, use:

pip install psycopg2-binary

You must setup postgresql-server-dev-X.Y, where X.Y. your’s servers version, and it will install libpq-dev and other servers variables at modules for server side developing.
In my case it was

apt-get install postgresql-server-dev-9.5

Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree Reading state information… Done The
following packages were automatically installed and are no longer
required: libmysqlclient18 mysql-common Use ‘apt-get autoremove’ to
remove them. The following extra packages will be installed:
libpq-dev Suggested packages: postgresql-doc-10 The following NEW
packages will be installed: libpq-dev postgresql-server-dev-9.5

In your’s case

sudo apt-get install postgresql-server-dev-X.Y
sudo apt-get install python-psycopg2

I was using a virtual environment on Ubuntu 18.04, and since I only wanted to install it as a client, I only had to do:

sudo apt install libpq-dev
pip install psycopg2

And installed without problems. Of course, you can use the binary as other answers said, but I preferred this solution since it was stated in a requirements.txt file.

Run the command below;

sudo apt-get install python-pip python-dev libpq-dev postgresql postgresql-contrib
pip install psycopg2

In my case, I was facing this problem when I ran pip install -r requirements.txt to install all packages for a Django project with PostgreSQL database on an Ubuntu machine, I ran into this error and many other installation errors.

To solve this one, I ran the following commands:

sudo apt install postgresql postgresql-contrib  

sudo apt install libpq-dev

sudo apt install python3-dev

sudo apt install python3-pip

sudo apt install python3-psycopg2

pip3 install psycopg2

pip3 install psycopg2-binary

Plus, also check if the Ubuntu and Python and Psycopg versions are compatible together.

Also, pip install aiopg, solve the issue when i ran into it the second time.