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Ok so i finally solved my problem. This github topic put me on the way saying that the problem was not at the debian installer creation but in the way the application was packaged.
After that i realized that instead of using electron-packager, run npm run electron:build was also creating a package of my application named linux-unpacked in the dist_electron folder. When i tryed to use it as package to create my installer, electron-installer-debian specified me that some files where missing, LICENSE and version (version contain the electron version. I don’t know if that is a rule but that is what mine contain).
So i just added them and my installer was created and my software was finally able to be launch on the computer.
Source:stackexchange.com