Permission denied collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status

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Explanation:

The error message “permission denied collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status” typically occurs when the linker (ld) is denied permission to access or modify certain files or directories. This error is encountered during the process of compiling and linking a program.

Possible Causes:

  • Inadequate permissions for the linker to access files or directories.
  • Attempting to link a file that is open or being used by another program.
  • Incorrect placement or linkage of libraries or object files.
  • Mismatched or conflicting versions of libraries or object files.

Example:

Let’s consider a simple example where we encounter this error:

main.c

#include <stdio.h>
  
  int main() {
    printf("Hello, World!");
    return 0;
  }

compile.bat

gcc main.c -o main

When we try to compile the program by running compile.bat, we encounter the “permission denied collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status”.

Solution:

To resolve this error, you can try the following steps:

  1. Ensure that you have the necessary permissions to access and modify the relevant directories and files. If needed, run the compilation process with administrative privileges.
  2. Make sure the files and directories used in the compilation process are not open or being used by another program.
  3. Check the placement or linkage of libraries or object files. Ensure you are providing correct paths and options during the compilation process.
  4. If you encounter the error after adding or updating libraries, verify that they are compatible with your system and properly configured.
  5. Try to clean the project or rebuild it from scratch to eliminate any potential conflicts.

By following the above steps and addressing any relevant issues, you should be able to overcome the “permission denied collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status” error and successfully compile your program.

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