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What you request is not so exotic: This is called authority data – you seperate your users to authorities and each authority will have each own data. For instance, you may have a number of departments in an organization – the data of each department can be edited only by members of the same department. I have already written a blog post with a simple approach to that using django:
http://spapas.github.io/2013/11/05/django-authoritiy-data/
To recap the post, I propose just adding an Authority model for which your User will have a ForeignKey (each User will have a Profile).
Now, all your Models whose data will belong to specific Authorities will just contain a ForeignKey to Authority. To check for the permissions you could use CBVs – the django admin will only be available to the central Administrators that have access to all the data. I recommend against using the django permissions for authorization of Authority data. If you want read the post which is much more detailed and ask here any questions.